What Is Thalamus And How It Looks Like? ~ NewInfo

The thalamus regulates sleep, alertness and wakefulness, whereas the hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, fatigue and metabolic processes in general.The thalamus, or the dorsal and ventral thalamus collectively, are two oval structures made up of gray matter at the base of the cerebrum. This structure's primary function is as a relay center through...thalamus (dorsal thalamus), hypothalamus, epithalamus It is a structure of white matter that runs through the thalam…The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber") is a large mass of gray matter located in the dorsal part of the diencephalon (a division of the forebrain).From New Latin, from Latin thalamus, from Ancient Greek θάλαμος (thálamos, "an inner chamber, a bedroom, a bed"). thalamus (plural thalami or thalamuses). (neuroanatomy) Either of two large, ovoid structures of grey matter within the forebrain that relay sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex...

Thalamus | Facts, Position In Brain, Summary & Function

The thalamus translates neural impulses to the cerebral cortex and can be divided into functionally distinct groups of neurons known as thalamic nuclei.The inferior surface of the thalamus is continuous with the tegmentum of midbrain. Structure. It receives and sends fibers to the prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus and thalamic.The thalamus is divided into three main divisions or sections: the anterior, medial, and lateral parts. Injury or damage to the thalamus can produce a host of sensory perception problems.Overview. The thalami (singular: thalamus) are two large bilaterally symmetrical nuclear complexes located anterior and superior to the midbrain and dorsal to the hypothalamus on both sides of the...

thalamus flashcards and study sets | Quizlet

The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber")[1] is a large mass of gray matter located in the Nerve fibers project out of the thalamus to the cerebral cortex in all directions, allowing hub-like...In my 2-Minute Neuroscience videos I explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this video, I cover the thalamus. I discuss the function of the...The thalamus is a brain structure that acts as a relay center. Nervous signals pass through here before being sent to the relevant region in the cortex.The dorsal thalamus, usually simply referred to as the thalamus is a subdivision of a brain area called the diencephalon, which also includes the eptithalamus...The thalamus is an important part of the complex nervous system in human beings. In this Bodytomy article, we shall find out what it is, where it is located, and what its major functions are.

Jump to navigation Jump to go looking This article is ready Portion of the human mind. For British online game developer, see Thalamus Ltd. ThalamusThalamus marked (MRI cross-section)anterolateral viewDetailsPart ofDiencephalonPartsSee List of thalamic nucleiArteryPosterior cerebral artery and branchesIdentifiersLatinthalamus dorsalisMeSHD013788NeuroNames300NeuroLex IDbirnlex_954TA98A14.1.08.101A14.1.08.601TA25678TEE5.14.3.4.2.1.8 FMA62007Anatomical phrases of neuroanatomy

The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber")[1] is a big mass of grey matter situated in the dorsal part of the diencephalon (a department of the forebrain). Nerve fibers mission out of the thalamus to the cerebral cortex in all instructions, permitting hub-like exchanges of data. It has a number of purposes, akin to relaying of sensory indicators, including motor indicators to the cerebral cortex[2][3] and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.[4]

Anatomically, this is a paramedian symmetrical structure of two halves (left and correct), inside of the vertebrate brain, positioned between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. It forms right through embryonic development as the major fabricated from the diencephalon, as first recognized by way of the Swiss embryologist and anatomist Wilhelm His Sr. in 1893.[5]

Anatomy

The thalamus in a 360° rotation

The thalamus is a paired construction of gray matter situated in the forebrain which is awesome to the midbrain, close to the center of the brain, with nerve fibers projecting out to the cerebral cortex in all directions. The medial floor of the thalamus constitutes the higher a part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle, and is attached to the corresponding floor of the opposite thalamus by means of a flattened gray band, the interthalamic adhesion. The lateral part of the thalamus is the phylogenetically newest a part of the thalamus (neothalamus), and comprises the lateral nuclei, the pulvinar and the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei.[6][7] There are spaces of white subject in the thalamus together with the stratum zonale that covers the dorsal floor, and the exterior and inside medullary laminae. The exterior lamina covers the lateral surface and the internal lamina divides the nuclei into anterior, medial and lateral teams.[8]

Blood supply

The thalamus derives its blood supply from quite a lot of arteries: the polar artery (posterior speaking artery), paramedian thalamic-subthalamic arteries, inferolateral (thalamogeniculate) arteries, and posterior (medial and lateral) choroidal arteries.[9] These are all branches of the posterior cerebral artery.[10]

Some other people have the artery of Percheron, which is a unprecedented anatomic variation through which a unmarried arterial trunk arises from the posterior cerebral artery to offer both portions of the thalamus.

Thalamic nuclei See additionally: List of thalamic nuclei Thalamic nuclei. Metathalamus labelled MTh Nuclei of the thalamus Dorsal view Coronal section of lateral and third ventricles

Derivatives of the diencephalon include the dorsally-located epithalamus (essentially the habenula and annexes) and the perithalamus (prethalamus) containing the zona incerta and the thalamic reticular nucleus. Due to their other ontogenetic origins, the epithalamus and the perithalamus are formally prominent from the thalamus right kind. The metathalamus is made up of the lateral geniculate and medial geniculate nuclei.

The thalamus accommodates a system of lamellae (made up of myelinated fibers) keeping apart other thalamic subparts. Other spaces are outlined by way of distinct clusters of neurons, similar to the periventricular nucleus, the intralaminar components, the "nucleus limitans", and others.[11] These latter constructions, different in construction from the major a part of the thalamus, have been grouped in combination into the allothalamus versus the isothalamus.[12] This distinction simplifies the world description of the thalamus.

Connections The thalamus is connected to the spinal twine by means of the spinothalamic tract

The thalamus has many connections to the hippocampus by means of the mammillothalamic tract, this tract incorporates the mammillary bodies and fornix.[13]

The thalamus is connected to the cerebral cortex by means of the thalamocortical radiations.[14]

The spinothalamic tract is a sensory pathway originating in the spinal wire. It transmits information to the thalamus about ache, temperature, itch and crude touch. There are two primary portions: the lateral spinothalamic tract, which transmits ache and temperature, and the anterior (or ventral) spinothalamic tract, which transmits crude contact and pressure.

Function

The thalamus has more than one functions, in most cases believed to act as a relay station, or hub, relaying information between different subcortical spaces and the cerebral cortex.[15] In explicit, each sensory machine (with the exception of the olfactory machine) features a thalamic nucleus that receives sensory indicators and sends them to the related primary cortical space. For the visual gadget, for instance, inputs from the retina are sent to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, which in turn projects to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe. The thalamus is assumed to each procedure sensory knowledge as well as relay it—each of the primary sensory relay spaces receives strong comments connections from the cerebral cortex.[16] Similarly the medial geniculate nucleus acts as a key auditory relay between the inferior colliculus of the midbrain and the primary auditory cortex. The ventral posterior nucleus is a key somatosensory relay, which sends touch and proprioceptive data to the number one somatosensory cortex.

The thalamus also plays the most important role in regulating states of sleep and wakefulness.[17] Thalamic nuclei have sturdy reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex, forming thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuits which are believed to be concerned with consciousness.[18] The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal, the stage of consciousness, and process. Damage to the thalamus can lead to everlasting coma.[19]

The function of the thalamus in the more anterior pallidal and nigral territories in the basal ganglia system disturbances is recognized but still poorly understood. The contribution of the thalamus to vestibular or to tectal functions is nearly disregarded. The thalamus has been thought of as a "relay" that merely forwards signals to the cerebral cortex. Newer analysis means that thalamic function is extra selective.[20] Many other purposes are linked to various areas of the thalamus. This is the case for many of the sensory methods (with the exception of for the olfactory gadget), such as the auditory, somatic, visceral, gustatory and visual systems the place localized lesions galvanize particular sensory deficits. A major position of the thalamus is fortify of motor and language techniques, and much of the circuitry implicated for these systems is shared. The thalamus is functionally attached to the hippocampus[21] as part of the prolonged hippocampal device at the thalamic anterior nuclei[22] with recognize to spatial reminiscence and spatial sensory datum they are an important for human episodic tournament reminiscence.[23][24] The thalamic area's connection to the mesio-temporal lobe provide differentiation of the functioning of recollective and familiarity memory.[13]

The neuronal knowledge processes important for motor keep watch over had been proposed as a network involving the thalamus as a subcortical motor heart.[25] Through investigations of the anatomy of the brains of primates[26] the nature of the interconnected tissues of the cerebellum to the multiple motor cortices suggested that the thalamus fulfills a key function in offering the explicit channels from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the cortical motor areas.[27][28] In an investigation of the saccade and antisaccade[29] motor response in 3 monkeys, the thalamic areas had been found to be occupied with the era of antisaccade eye-movement (this is, the skill to inhibit the reflexive jerking motion of the eyes in the course of a introduced stimulus).[30]

Recent analysis suggests that the mediodorsal thalamus might play a broader function in cognition. Specifically, the mediodorsal thalamus would possibly "amplify the connectivity (signaling strength) of just the circuits in the cortex appropriate for the current context and thereby contribute to the flexibility (of the mammalian brain) to make complex decisions by wiring the many associations on which decisions depend into weakly connected cortical circuits."[31] Researchers founds that "enhancing MD activity magnified the ability of mice to "suppose,"[31] driving down by more than 25 percent their error rate in deciding which conflicting sensory stimuli to follow to find the reward." [32]

Development

The thalamic complex is composed of the perithalamus (or prethalamus, prior to now sometimes called ventral thalamus), the mid-diencephalic organiser (which bureaucracy later the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI) ) and the thalamus (dorsal thalamus).[33][34] The development of the thalamus may also be subdivided into 3 steps.[35] The thalamus is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain positioned between the midbrain and the cerebrum.

Early brain development

After neurulation the anlage of the prethalamus and the thalamus is brought about within the neural tube. Data from other vertebrate fashion organisms improve a model by which the interaction between two transcription components, Fez and Otx, are of decisive significance. Fez is expressed in the prethalamus, and useful experiments display that Fez is required for prethalamus formation.[36][37] Posteriorly, Otx1 and Otx2 abut the expression area of Fez and are required for proper development of the thalamus.[38][39]

Formation of progenitor domains

Early in thalamic development two progenitor domains form, a caudal domain, and a rostral area. The caudal area provides rise to all of the glutamatergic neurons in the grownup thalamus while the rostral area gives rise to all of the GABAergic neurons in the adult thalamus.[40]

The formation of the mid-diencephalic organiser (MDO)

At the interface between the expression domains of Fez and Otx, the mid-diencephalic organizer (MDO, often known as the ZLI organiser) is caused within the thalamic anlage. The MDO is the central signalling organizer in the thalamus. A loss of the organizer ends up in the absence of the thalamus. The MDO matures from ventral to dorsal all the way through construction. Members of the SHH circle of relatives and of the Wnt circle of relatives are the major most important indicators emitted by the MDO.

Besides its importance as signalling center, the organizer matures into the morphological structure of the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI).

Maturation and parcellation of the thalamus

After its induction, the MDO begins to orchestrate the construction of the thalamic anlage by release of signalling molecules such as SHH.[41] In mice, the function of signaling at the MDO has no longer been addressed without delay due to a complete absence of the diencephalon in SHH mutants.[42]

Studies in chicks have proven that SHH is each vital and enough for thalamic gene induction.[43] In zebrafish, it used to be proven that the expression of 2 SHH genes, SHH-a and SHH-b (previously described as twhh) mark the MDO territory, and that SHH signaling is sufficient for the molecular differentiation of both the prethalamus and the thalamus but is not required for their maintenance and SHH signaling from the MDO/alar plate is sufficient for the maturation of prethalamic and thalamic territory whilst ventral Shh alerts are dispensable.[44]

The exposure to SHH results in differentiation of thalamic neurons. SHH signaling from the MDO induces a posterior-to-anterior wave of expression the proneural gene Neurogenin1 in the main (caudal) a part of the thalamus, and Ascl1 (formerly Mash1) in the remaining narrow stripe of rostral thalamic cells immediately adjacent to the MDO, and in the prethalamus.[45][46]

This zonation of proneural gene expression ends up in the differentiation of glutamatergic relay neurons from the Neurogenin1+ precursors and of GABAergic inhibitory neurons from the Ascl1+ precursors. In fish, number of these alternative neurotransmitter fates is controlled by means of the dynamic expression of Her6 the homolog of HES1. Expression of this hairy-like bHLH transcription factor, which represses Neurogenin however is needed for Ascl1, is regularly lost from the caudal thalamus but maintained in the prethalamus and in the stripe of rostral thalamic cells. In addition, studies on chick and mice have shown that blocking the Shh pathway ends up in absence of the rostral thalamus and considerable decrease of the caudal thalamus. The rostral thalamus will give rise to the reticular nucleus basically wherein the caudal thalamus will form the relay thalamus and can be additional subdivided in the thalamic nuclei.[35]

In people, a commonplace genetic variation in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter (the SERT-long and -short allele: 5-HTTLPR) has been proven to impact the building of several areas of the thalamus in adults. People who inherit two quick alleles (SERT-ss) have more neurons and a bigger quantity in the pulvinar and in all probability the limbic regions of the thalamus. Enlargement of the thalamus supplies an anatomical basis for why people who inherit two SERT-ss alleles are more at risk of major despair, posttraumatic tension dysfunction, and suicide.[47]

Clinical significance

A cerebrovascular coincidence (stroke) may end up in the thalamic pain syndrome,[48] which involves a one-sided burning or aching sensation regularly accompanied by means of temper swings. Bilateral ischemia of the space equipped through the paramedian artery could cause critical issues including akinetic mutism, and be accompanied through oculomotor issues. A comparable thought is thalamocortical dysrhythmia. The occlusion of the artery of Percheron may end up in a bilateral thalamus infarction.

Alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome stems from harm to the mammillary frame, the mammillothalamic fasciculus or the thalamus.[49][50]

Fatal familial insomnia is a hereditary prion illness by which degeneration of the thalamus occurs, causing the patient to regularly lose their ability to sleep and progressing to a state of overall insomnia, which invariably results in demise. In contrast, harm to the thalamus can result in coma.

Additional pictures

Human brain dissection, showing the thalamus.

Human thalamus together with different subcortical structures, in glass mind.

Lateral workforce of the thalamic nuclei.

Medial workforce of the thalamic nuclei.

References

^ Harper - index & University of Washington Faculty Web Server & Search engine search web page + Perseus Project tufts.edu Retrieved 2012-02-09 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.quotationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .quotation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolour:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")appropriate 0.1em center/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .quotation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inheritSherman, S. 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American Journal of Neuroradiology. 28 (4): 759–60. PMID 17416834.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thalamus.Stained mind slice pictures which come with the "thalamus" at the BrainMaps projectvteAnatomy of the diencephalon of the human brainEpithalamusSurface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissureGrey subject Pretectal space Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organThalamusSurface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalamiGrey matter/nuclei paired: AN Ventral VA/VL VP/VPM/VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cellular M mobile K cellmidline: MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear workforce Interthalamic adhesionWhite subject Mammillothalamic tract Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tractMedullary laminaeHypothalamusSurface Median eminence/Tuber cinereum Mammillary frame InfundibulumGrey matterAutonomic zones Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss) Posterior (sympathetic/warmth conservation)Endocrine posterior pituitary: Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory mobile Supraoptic oxytocin/vasopressinother: Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH) Preoptic (GnRH) Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)Emotion Lateral Ventromedial DorsomedialWhite topic afferent Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic tract Stria terminalis Dorsal longitudinal fasciculusPituitary Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandularSubthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis (Fields of Forel) vteBrain and spinal wire: neural tracts and fasciculiSensoryDCML1°: Pacinian corpuscle/Meissner's corpuscle → Posterior column (Gracile fasciculus/Cuneate fasciculus) → Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus2°: → sensory decussation/arcuate fibers (Posterior exterior arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers) → Medial lemniscus/Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus (VPL, VPM)3°: → Posterior limb of interior pill → Postcentral gyrusAnterolateral/painFast/lateral 1° (Free nerve finishing → A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus) → 3° (Postcentral gyrus) → 4° (Posterior parietal cortex)

2° (Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum)

Slow/medial 1° (Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation) → 2° (MD of Thalamus) → 3° (Cingulate cortex)MotorPyramidal flexion: Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal pill → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) → Neuromuscular junctionExtrapyramidalflexion: Primary motor cortex → Genu of inner pill → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial musclesflexion: Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tractextension: Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tractextension: Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscle tissue of neckBasal gangliadirect:1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 4° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 5° (Motor cortex)indirect:1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPe) → 3° (Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus) → 4° (Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi) → 5° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 6° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor house) → 7° (Motor cortex)nigrostriatal pathway: Pars compacta → StriatumCerebellarAfferent Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cellPontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cellInferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nucleiEfferent Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortexInterposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortexFastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nucleiBidirectional:SpinocerebellarUnconscious proprioception decrease limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis)higher limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum)Reflex arc decrease limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→ SCP → Cerebellar vermis)upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum) Authority keep an eye on MA: 2777012852, 2778617511, 2779246727, 2909577274, 2909767349 TA98: A14.1.08.101, A14.1.08.601 TE: E5.14.3.4.2.1.8 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalamus&oldid=1015942685"

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